The Pianist Essay Example for Free

The Pianist Essay The film The Pianist is about a man, Szpilman, living in Poland during the war. It tells his story as one of the themes in the film is clearly the holocaust. The film presents the horrors of the holocaust in the experience of one man, Wladysaw Szpilman as he hides from the Nazis. The film makes an honest approach to the condition of holocaust. It presents the shades of humanity in between the good and the bad. It shows how the war gave people a chance to triumph over the holocaust and their humanity while others to succumb to it and humanity. Circumstances force people to do strange things. The war genre requires a lot of sensitivity to enable the audience to put themselves in the shoes of a character as he interacts with his environment. The point of view is quite important to achieve this. In my analysis I intend to find out if the point of view of Szpilman helps the movie achieve the desired outcome. The film begins with music as Szpilman plays a piano for Polish radio. Even though the scene is interrupted by a bomb, Szpilman remains momentarily caught up in his music. His devotion to music becomes the strength he needs to survive because despite the horrific circumstances, he does not give up playing for the radio again. As he tells the SS officer who helps him, he wants to play for the polish radio. By virtue of his dreams, he believes the war will end even when an SS officer asked him what he wanted to do after the war. Music and all art thus come out in the film as worthy weapons against the struggle. In terms of leading actor the film has Adrien Brody play Szpilman. The actor as the film opens is caught up in fulfilling his dreams of music. He seems a little preoccupied and absorbed. He is a regular guy. The lead actor gives the film its perspective. We see the war through his eyes and his experiences. In the span of the film, contrary to what one would expect from a war film, he remains more alone and does not rise to become an astonishing person who saves the day and lots of human life. Instead his main achievement is that he manages to remain concealed and survives the invasion of the Nazis. The lead actor is not a conventional hero. He is mostly passive trying to understand what is going on in the world around him. As we accompany him in the movie, we get locked up with him in hiding places and watch him ravaged by the war as he loses weight, confused and fall to pieces. Adrien performs his role by being totally immersed in his character. How he moves and talks and acts reveals the transformation he is undergoing including losing weight as his character gets starved and severe malnutrition. He is striking in that he represents the humanity of many and the story of survival is the survival of humanity against ravages of war. The leading actor is not about being a super good character but embodiment of bare human circumstance and the amazing journey of survival during terrible circumstances. The film does not give in to the cultural assumptions that all the Jews were good people and all the Germans bad people. The leading actor as well as other suffering victims are not all of humanity. They too are problematic and are not represented as saints. The suffering they underwent is horrific by virtue of being human despite what kind of people they are. The film represents in addition the reality that some Nazis had humanity too. An SS officer took care of Szpilman for the last stretch of his survival. The mise-en-scene of the film displays great aspects of setting, costumes and make-up and staging. Portions of the film are set and shot in Germany using the old building and barracks that were actually used during the war. Much of the film was filmed in Praga district while some was filmed in Germany’s Babelsberg film studios. Here a recreation of the ghetto was made. The ruins of the ghetto were also filmed inside an army base in the former Soviet. That effectively creates a real feeling to the film. The set creates a backdrop to the life of the prisoners. The costumes clearly identify the time period of changes that were occurring as people lost more and more. In addition the costumes and make-up help set the stage for action character. The point of view used in the film is that of Szpilman the leading actor. While the story begins there are many characters but quickly the point of view of the leading actor takes over. After his escape, Szpilman eyes become what we see the world through. The film unrolls with scenes of Szpilman interacting with his confined world. We see him trying to keep from the Nazis and basically try to survive. In the meantime, the world inside his head comes on and off as he hears music in his head. The director , Roman Polanski, gives a true and brilliant film by being true to the autobiography story of the real life Szphilman. He brings to the film his own past. In his childhood, Roman Polanksi underwent a similar situation. During the war, he escaped Krakow Ghetto. This was after his mother died. He hid for the duration of the war in a Polish farmer’s barn. He survived the war along with his father. He therefore draws from his personal experience as well as his experience with other film that have similar themes. In addition Polanski has had experience with films that deal with confinement and its disturbing effects on people. This is in his movies The Tenant, Repulsion and Bitter Moon. Long shots characterize the movie. In several scenes Szphilman looks at the outside world as we look at him. Through the shots the audience gets to see him processing the world. He stares at people being hunted down and killed. He gets little glimpses of the world and his numbness easily comes out through the long shots. Aspects of technical elements in the film are used to highlight the themes. Low lighting and shadows create a feeling of limited vision. When Szpilman is in hiding, we see him covered in darkness. The indignity of living in subhuman condition underscore the humiliation many holocaust victims were exposed to. As he moves from hiding place and scavenges for food the flooding of light highlight how deserted he is. It is all bright and empty around him and no matter which way he looks he is met with emptiness. Dialogue in the film especially as Szpilman interacts with others show the effect of the long suffering on the victims. Forced to be quiet for long periods of time and unable to fully understand what is happening, dialogue is kept at minimal and no revealing. The characters can not express the depth of their experiences and they preserve themselves though direct dialogue. The sound in the film is kept at bare and music at minimal. There are no swelling scores allowing for the audience to stay with their bare emotions. The piano even when ‘silent’ is a beautiful addition to the film. When Szpilman comes across a piano in his hiding place he finds he can not play lest he will be discovered. However, he moves him fingers over the keys and the audience hears the music he is playing in his mind. The nostalgia and hope that Szpilman harbors comes through. The audience glimpses the source of strength for Szpilman’s survival. In comparing this film to others in the same genre some differences can be seen. One of the differences with another movie in the genre, Schindler’s List, is that the pianist is a film that is based on one person. Schindler’s List is broader in dealing with the holocaust in terms of the point of view. The pianist narrows down the holocaust by concentration on one man’s story. From him the audience can understand the holocaust and not the other way round. Schindler’s list has the story of two people; Schindler and Goeth. The cast in The Pianist is also heavily European while Schindler’s List is not. Another difference in that while the hero clearly comes out in Schindler’s List The Pianist does not give to the leading actor the usual hero traits. While Schindler is clearly a hero Szpilman is not a hero by overt means. He is a hero in choosing to survive and simply not giving up despite the difficulties. In addition, The Pianist does not draw clear lines between the good and the bad or assign blame. While it is clear there are bad people killing and hurting others, the film is largely non judgmental. Having watched the film, I feel that The Pianist is a great film. It lives up to its potential because one is completely caught up in Szpilman’s story and begins to understand the holocaust in that light. While other movies show the great suffering and heroes of the war, this film shows the quiet heroism that might go unnoticed by many, yet it is this sort of heroism that was more rampant than the celebrated one. The film is also capturing in the use of elements. The shooting and the delivery come together and the audience gets lost in the film without getting caught up in the ‘vehicle’ that is the technicalities of the film. The film deeply touched me and made me realize that war is terrible not just in what it physically does to people but also because of the psychological and traumatic effects. One of its effects is that it created a disturbance in me. I did not feel that someone came and rescued the day because for many holocaust victims their day was not saved. The realism of the film was quite refreshing. At the same time the film restores hope in humanity. Despite all the horrific events during the war, there were ample cases of people risking life to protect others. Many people helped Szpilman including the SS officer who was taking a great risk. Just as some people can stoop low beyond belief, so can others rise above expectations. In the end, the human spirit rises up against its adversity and that is the best effect of the film considering its genre. Szpilman’s point of view enables the audience to see the holocaust keenly without getting carried away by too much information or characters. References. Bordwell David and Thomson Kristin, Film Art: An introduction. 8 ed. (New York: McGraw- Hill Higher education, 2006). ‘Schindler’s List’: Internet Movie Data Base. 1990-2010. Web. 16 July 2010. ‘The Pianist’: Internet Movie Data base. 1990-2010. Web. 17 July 2010.

College Admissions Essay: A Higher Understanding of Science :: College Admissions Essays

Achieving a Higher Understanding of Science    Surrounded by thousands of stars, complete silence, and spectacular mountains, I stood atop the Colorado Mountain Peak awestruck by nature's beauty. Immediately, I realized that I must dedicate my life to understanding the causes of the universe's beauty. In addition, the hike taught me several valuable lessons that will allow me to increase my understanding through scientific research.    Although the first few miles of the hike up the mountain did not offer fantastic views, the vistas became spectacular once I climbed above tree line. Immediately, I sensed that understanding the natural world parallels climbing a mountain. To reach my goal of total comprehension of natural phenomena, I realized that I must begin with knowledge that may be uninteresting by itself. However, this knowledge will form the foundation of an accurate view of the universe. Much like every step while hiking leads the hiker nearer the mountain peak, all knowledge leads the scientist nearer total understanding.    Above tree line, the barrenness and silence of the hike taught me that individuals must have their own direction. All hikers know that they must carry complete maps to reach their destinations; they do not allow others to hold their maps for them. Similarly, surrounded only by mountaintops, sky, and silence, I recognized the need to remain individually focused on my life's goal of understanding the physical universe.    At the summit, the view of the surrounding mountain range is spectacular. The panorama offers a view of hills and smaller mountains. Some people during their lives climb many small hills. However, to have the most accurate view of the world, I must be dedicated to climbing the biggest mountains I can find. Too often people simply hike across a flat valley without ascending because they content themselves with the scenery. The mountain showed me that I cannot content myself with the scenery. When night fell upon the summit, I stared at the slowly appearing stars until they completely filled the night sky. Despite the windy conditions and below freezing temperatures, I could not tear myself away from the awe-inspiring beauty of the cosmos. Similarly, despite the frustration and difficulties inherent in scientific study, I cannot retreat from my goal of universal understanding.

Christianity and Buddhism

Two different faiths; Christianity and Buddhism. These two religions that have pillars centered on Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha respectively. Christianity has had a wide influence, stretching across the world and with leading figures like President George Bush (USA), Senator Hillary Clinton, and even the Pope, a spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and head of the Vatican sate. Buddhism, though mostly predominant in the orient world, has penetrated the Western cultures, Hollywood’s Richard Gere, Tina Turner, and L. A Lakers coach, Phil Jackson have identified with the Buddhists Faith through its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama.These two faiths have parallels. In contrast or comparison the two faiths meet and also depart at the foundational level of the very pillars of Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha. The Differences At the very moment of birth Jesus Christ was born in a manger in the midst of want and desolation. According to biblical scriptures he was born among the poo r. Gautama Buddha on the other hand, was born in a palace where his father who was the ruler of a region within present day Nepal, made sure that he lived within the pleasures and wealth of his empire.In addition, Buddha lived as a prince, as royalty whereas Christ was born into a family where the father figure was a carpenter and he had to learn the skills of carpentry. The divinity of Jesus Christ has a divergence from that of Buddha. Jesus Christ claimed that he was the only Son of God. The bible in many of its texts reaffirms this divinity; to a tune of calling Jesus Christ, the â€Å"presence of God† as man. Buddha However, claimed no divinity in person. Only that about 700 years after Buddha passed on, Mahayana Buddhism attached divinity to the character of Gautama. .Buddha worked out no miracles, signs or wonders. The bible however, in the New Testament is wrought with events of miracles of Jesus Christ. From the beginning of the synoptic Gospel or Matthew, through Mar k, Luke and John, the Lord Jesus Christ healed the afflicted stopped and calmed a raging sea among other miracles. Jesus Christ, speaking on the mount espoused and blessed â€Å"those who hunger and thirst for righteousness for they shall be satisfied†. He encouraged his followers to â€Å"seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all other things would be added unto them (who believed)†.However Buddha saw the need of eliminating craving and desire and as such attains enlightment. Jesus Christ said â€Å"I am the Way, the Truth and the Life†. Buddha however, took the role of a guide, a religious â€Å"Way Shower†. Buddha had a means to the nirvana for the believer, but each believer had to find his or her own path Buddha is buried in the Himalaya Mountains, at Kusinara. He never resurrected. After crucifixion and death, Christ resurrected on the third day triumphing over death and sin. The SimilaritiesThe Buddhist scriptures tell of Buddhaâ €™s mother, Mahamaya, being made to carry child Buddha in her womb through the power of the â€Å"holy Spirit†. Also a â€Å"heavenly messenger’ informed Mahamaya of the way she was to bear the â€Å"son of the highest kings. † Many other events followed the birth of Buddha like the appearance of the â€Å"flower Star† in the East, and also a group of angelic messengers celebrated the birth of Buddha. The birth of Christ is foretold in the scriptures of the bible as the mother Mary was made to conceive through the â€Å"immaculate conception† of the Holy Spirit.Angels also ministered unto Mary telling her that she would bear a son who would redeem the world. In addition the star of the east shone bright and did guide the three Magi to see and proclaim the birth of the â€Å"king of Kings†At the birth of Jesus Christ King Herod set out to kill all the male firstborns with a view of eliminating any possible challenger to his throne. Not f orgetting that Virgin Mary Mother of Jesus had to run and hide the kid Jesus from the executioners. For the case of Buddha he was born of a Virgin called Maya. King Bimbasara wanted him dead as he thought that Buddha would one day ascend the throne.Buddha amazed the wizened old men and priests of the temple just as Jesus Christ did to the Pharisees and teachers of the Mosaic Law; both achieved this at the age of 12. James Hastings, in the book encyclopedia of religion and ethics page 883 tells of Buddha demanding of his disciples that they renounce all forms of worldly possessions. â€Å"The number of the disciples increased rapidly, and Gautama sent forth his monks on missionary tours hither and thither, bidding them wonder everywhere, preaching the doctrine, and teaching them to order their lives with self restraints, simplicity and charity†.On the other hand Jesus Christ called â€Å"to himself the twelve disciples sending them out two by two. So they went out and preache d that men should repent Mark 6:7-12†. According to the book of Mathew 28:19, Jesus Christ was part of a trinity. The Chinese (1836) alludes to the fact that Buddha is part of trinity. Indeed the two are part of trinities expressed in both religions. At birth Buddha was declared divine as was Jesus Christ. The book of Mathew, tells of the Magi who came to present Jesus with gifts and worshipping him as divine.On the other hand the divinity of Buddha was bestowed on him according to the Buddhist faith. The book of Matthew 2:2 has an angel announcing the birth of Jesus Christ. Buddha’s birth was also foretold by a celestial body. They both claimed to be royal descent. Jesus Christ traced his bloodline to that of King David. Buddha, whose father is Sodhodana, has the royalty also traced to the first dynasty of Maha Sammata. At the birth Christ was presented with gifts of myrrh, frankincense and gold. On the other hand, Buddha received precious substances and priceless Jewe ls.The synoptic gospel of Matthew tails of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ on the mountain. For Buddha, it also happened on a mountain where â€Å"A flame of light engulfed his head, shining as the sun or moon†. The scriptures tell of the â€Å"angels† praising in heaven at their birth. For Jesus, the bible records, â€Å"Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, goodwill among men†. For Buddha it is written â€Å"Today, Bodhisattva is born on earth, to give joy and peace to men and Devas (angels), to shed light on the dark places, and to give sight to the blind†.De Bunsen, in page 45 notes that Buddha was baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. Jesus Christ in Matthew 3:16 is baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. According to Max. Muller in the book ‘Introduction to the Science of Religion’, two very similar incidences happened in the lives of Jesus and Buddha. Muller explains â€Å"Ananda, the disciple of Buddha, after a long walk in the country, meets with Matangi, a woman of the low caste of the Kandalas, near a well and asks her for some waters. She tells him what she is and that she must not come near him.Ananda replies â€Å"my sister, I ask not for your caste or family, I ask only for a drought of water. She afterwards becomes a disciple of Buddha. † The bible on the other hand tells the story of the Samaritan woman. According to the book of John 4:7-9 â€Å"there came a woman of Samaria to draw water Jesus said to her; â€Å"give me a drink† for his disciples had gone to the city to buy food. The Samaritan woman said to him â€Å"how is it that you, a Jew, ask a drink of me, a woman of Samaria? † for Jews have no dealing with Samaritans, They launched their careers at an almost similar age.It’s at age 29 that Buddha â€Å"went to the garden, saw a monk who was calm, tranquil, self possessed, serene and dignified. The prince, (Buddha, determined to become such a monk†. The Christian book says â€Å"Jesus, when he begun his ministry, was about 30 years of age†. Both were tempted by the devil. In Matthew 4:10, â€Å"All these I will give you if you worship me† Christ was told. And Buddha was told† go not forth to adopt a religious life but return to your kingdom and in seven days you shall become emperor of the world, riding over four continents†.Both celebrated overcoming evil, for Jesus, according to Matthew 4:11 the â€Å"angels come and ministered to him†. For Buddha, â€Å"The skies rained flowers, as delicious odors prevailed in the air† EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Perhaps the best conclusion to these differences and similarities are the actions made in the lives and times of these men. And this has to do with expressing faith where skepticism abounds. So another similarity among the two men is; â€Å"come†, so Peter got out of the boat and walked on the water and came to Jesus, but when he saw the wind he was afraid, and beginning to sink he cried out.â€Å"Lord, save me! † as shown in Matthew 14:29-30. Buddha showed skeptical villagers his disciple walking across a river without sinking†. In addition some incidences attest to the similarity of their situation like the time that Buddha took a purifying birth in the river Nerajara, just as Christ Jesus too was baptized in the river Jordan. The bible recounts the journey of Christ riding on a donkey with fronds of palm spread out for him on the way. Though slightly different the story of Buddha is centered on his riding a horse, with flowers being tossed by angels.Jesus Christ was poor, lacking in earthly possessions and encouraging the wealthy to â€Å"sell all they had and follow him. † Buddha was no different; he took an oath of embracing poverty and even wondered home Less, advising his disciples, who were 12 as those of Jesus, â€Å"to travel without money, trusting to the aid of providence †. 1. http://www. probe. org 2. http://www. lucidcafe. com 3. http://www. encyclopedia. farlex. com/buddhist. 4. http://www. moonpointer. com 5. http://www. songha. org/index. html

Issue Summary - Geneva Conventions POW Treatment

The Geneva Conventions (1949) and the two Additional Protocols (1977) form the foundation for international humanitarian law in times of war. The treaty focuses on the treatment of enemy forces as well as civilians living in occupied territories. These international treaties are intended to limit the barbarity of war by protecting non-combatants—civilians, medics and aid workers—and combatants who are no longer able to take part in battle— wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, and all persons held as prisoners of war. The Conventions and their Protocols provide measures for preventing all violations and contain strict rules for dealing with the perpetrators of war crime atrocities known in the treaties as â€Å"grave breaches.† Under these rules, war criminals are to be investigated, sought, extradited if necessary, and tried, regardless of their nationality.   History and Background of Limiting War As long as there has been armed conflict, man has tried to devise ways to limit wartime behavior, from the sixth century BCE Chinese warrior Sun Tzu to the 19th century American Civil War. The founder of the International Red Cross, Henri Dunant, inspired the first Geneva Convention, which was designed to protect the sick and wounded. Pioneer nurse Clara Barton was instrumental in U.S. ratification of that First Convention in 1882. Subsequent conventions addressed asphyxiating gases, expanding bullets, the treatment of prisoners of war, and treatment of civilians. Nearly 200 countries—including the United States—are signatory nations and have ratified these Conventions. Treatment of Combatants, Civilians, and Terrorists The treaties were initially written with state-sponsored military conflicts in mind and emphasize that combatants must be clearly distinguishable from civilians. Combatants who fall within the guidelines and who become prisoners of war must be treated humanely. According to the International Red Cross: Captured combatants and civilians who find themselves under the authority of the adverse party are entitled to respect for their lives, their dignity, their personal rights and their political, religious and other convictions. They must be protected against all acts of violence or reprisal. They are entitled to exchange news with their families and receive aid. They must enjoy basic judicial guarantees. Enemy Combatant Habeas Corpus Under these rules, captured enemy combatants, whether soldiers or saboteurs, may be detained for the duration of hostilities. They need not be guilty of anything; they are detained simply by virtue of their status as enemy combatants in war. The challenge in wars like those Afghanistan and Iraq is determining which persons who have been captured are terrorists and which are innocent civilians. The Geneva Conventions protect civilians from being tortured, raped or enslaved as well as from being subjected to attacks. However, Geneva Conventions also protect the uncharged terrorist, noting that anyone who has been captured is entitled to protection until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal. Military lawyers (Judge Advocate Generals Corps - JAG) reportedly have petitioned the Bush Administration for prisoner protection for two years—long before Iraqs Abu Ghraib prison became a household word around the world. Supreme Court Ruling The Bush Administration held hundreds of people at the Guantanamo Bay naval base on Cuba, for two years or longer, without charge and without redress. Many were subjected to actions that have been characterized as abuse or torture. In June 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that habeas corpus applies to detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as well as to citizen enemy combatants held in continental U.S. facilities. Therefore, according to the Court, these detainees have the right to file a petition asking that a court determine if they are being held lawfully.

The Concept Of Self Identity - 1360 Words

The concept of Self-Identity, and the theories that relate to it, are ever-present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The concept of Self-Identity is a Psychological concept that many famous Psychologists have spent years studying. The main theories of self-identity that relate to the story of Frankenstein are those by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The ideas of Sigmund Freud’s concept of Superego, Id, and Ego are represented by Victor’s father, the creation, and Victor with their actions in the novel. Carl Jung’s theory of shadow and self is represented by Victor and his creation. The theory of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture are shown by Victor and his relationship with his creation. In Frankenstein, several psychological concepts based on self-identity are showcased by Victor and his relationships with other beings. Victor’s own creation becomes representative of his Id, through the creatures reliance on instinct an d lack of ability to accept his own isolation. Freud describes the Id as the instinctual part of our personality, and this includes sleeping, eating, and procreating. The monster catches up with Victor and has a request for Victor, â€Å"I am alone, and miserable; man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me†¦ This being you must create†(Shelley 104). The creature develops an immense loneliness due to his being the only one of his kind, and threatens Victor if he does notShow MoreRelatedIdentity And The Concept Of Self1217 Words   |  5 Pageshave learned several things about identity and the concept of self. Self concept is the intellectual and theoretical awareness and constant regard that conscious beings hold with regard to their own self. 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The Speed Of Trust Book Report - 2906 Words

The Speed of Trust Identify five to ten most important ideas from the book and explanation of why they are important. One of the most important ideas is â€Å"The 4 cores of Credibility†. It talks about the different cores such as integrity, intent, capabilities and results. Integrity and intent are character cores, and capabilities and results are competency cores. The first core is Integrity. Stephen Covey, the author, talks about how integrity is more than just honesty. It has three parts to it, which are congruency, humility, and courage. Congruency is when a person acts like his or her values. There will be no difference in what he or she was intending to and what actually happens. The second one is humility, where people lookout for†¦show more content†¦To receive more trust from others, people need to show responsibility. When things go wrong, do not blame others. Another important part of building trust is to make sure to listen first before you speak. It is necessary to diagnose and understand what the person is saying. Do not think you already have the answer before a perso n has finished talking. If a person decides to commit to something, people should keep the commitment because it will destroy the trust, and confidence people have in you if you don’t. After all, it is significant to extend the trust to people that earned the trust. Just because there is some risk involved, do not hold back with trust. My third important idea is â€Å"The 7 Low-Trust Organizational Taxes.† It specifically looks at low organizational trust. It is important, because some organizations often have redundancy with an overflow of management, which overlaps each other. In the end, it is just a way of ensuring control. If you have a low trust organization, there will always be bureaucracy. It does not improve things, but bureaucracy makes it inefficient. Another aspect that is important is politics inside a firm. 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Marketing Plan for Soft landing Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Plan for Soft landing Business. Answer: Introduction Types of mattresses The style and type of mattresses have a very crucial impact on the possibility of any re use and recoverability of material. Every style of mattress comes with its own set of challenges associated with its handling and if possible at all, the recovery. While evaluating the possibility of any kind of re-use certain types of mattresses have better scope in this regard than the others (Chang, Yang, n.d.). Supply and the source of discarded mattresses As the global demand for mattresses continues to grow with an increasing demand for luxury mattresses and the doctor recommended mattresses, there is an almost equal rate of growth in the disposal of mattresses. With growing environmental concerns about the threat to the natural environment and the ecological balance because of the landfills, the mattress recycling industry has been growing steadily over the last few years. The domestic market accounts for almost 95% percent of the market share of the mattress sales. The waste mattresses collected account for approximately 50 million tonnes for landfill every year. The potential market for this segment is very wide and includes not just the general public but is the need of the other industries like healthcare and hospitality industries that are among the biggest consumers of the mattress industry. These industries are always faced with the problem of disposing of a large number of used mattresses every year and form one of the biggest supplier and consumer market of the mattress recycling industry. Sector wise distribution of the source market The Domestic market In Australia, approximately 1.6 to 1.8 million mattresses are discarded or reach end-of-life every year. The domestic market accounts for almost 95 percent of the discarded mattress market while the institutional market is almost 5 percent. Out of the total market size, almost 40 percent of the mattresses are illegally dumped or have an uncertain fate. Hospitals and the other healthcare facilities The hospital mattress manufacturers are generally specialists and the hospital mattresses are made of latex foam or a polythene foam core with a protective layer of the PVC cover. The mattresses designed for the hospital use have different sitting and laying positions as they are bent to adjust to the bed frames. Therefore, the life of hospital mattress is only for a period of 9 to 18 months depending on the intensity of usage. Therefore, the hospitals and the healthcare facilities have a much higher turnover rate as compared to the domestic sector with almost 15 to 20 percent of the mattresses being replaced every year. However, the mattresses that are contaminated with bodily fluid have to be incinerated and cannot be recycled. The clean mattresses are being sent for recycling and many facilities send their discarded mattresses for landfill. A tie up with the local authorities and private healthcare and nursing care facilities could boost the supply by a large margin (Crowdfunding social ventures: a model and research agenda, n.d.). Prisons The prisons also use foam mattresses like the hospitals for functional reasons. These are also purchased in bulk and have a shorter life span than the domestic markets because of rough use and constant wear and tear. These mattresses are also made of a foam core and a layer of PVC coating but they have to conform to the regulations of flammability and fire safety. Approximately 49 percent of the mattresses are disposed off every year. Army accommodations Unlike the other sectors, it is very difficult to calculate the number or percentage of mattresses being purchased for army accommodations as the army accommodation has many bifurcations. The army personnel making use of the single living accommodation can be taken as the source market, but many of the mattresses purchased are used by SLA located in different locations and even overseas. Therefore, an exact estimate of the waste mattresses arising from this sector is difficult to calculate. Commercial and hospitality industry Out of the total number of mattresses used by the institutional sectors, the hospitality industry which includes the hostels, hotels, beds breakfast businesses, youth hostels, and caravan parks, accounts for 20 percent of the consumption. The number of mattresses being used in the sector amounts to roughly two times the number of rooms in the industry. The average life span of the mattresses in the hotel industry varies from a period of 4 years to 7 years. The hostels, caravan parks, youth hostels use less premium mattresses and therefore more frequent replacement is required. Roughly one-third of the mattresses in the commercial and hospitality sectors are being replaced every year creating a huge potential market for the recycling industry. SWOT Analysis of the Mattress Recycling Business Strengths: Waste and discarded mattresses would always be available all the year round and having a tie up with the local authorities and industries will ensure a regular supply at reasonable prices (Z, n.d.). The consistency of the constituent material in the mattresses is more or less constant and the reclaimed materials have a market value. The business does not require any kind of specialized and expensive equipment so overhead costs can be kept low (End of Life Mattress Report 2016, n.d.). The process of reclaiming the material maintains the quality and market value of the reclaimed material as compared to the quality of the material in the other processes like shredding. The business and the marketing model can be easily replicated at different branches and sites provided the market and supplier capacity exists (Z, n.d.). Weaknesses: The mattress recycling process and reclaiming of materials is a more costly option than the other cheaper alternative like landfill The business depends a lot on the gate fee charges to recover the business costs and lower gate fees could reduce the economic viability of the operations. There needs to be a market available for the end use of the reclaimed materials especially the mixed textiles (James, 2015). The mattress supply is dependent on a number of distributed sources of supply which are sometimes spread over a geographical area. Scaling up the sites at some locations becomes difficult due to supply chain a logistics difficulties and diminished economies of scale for processing manually (Z, n.d.). In some regions, there is a limited scope for automated processing facilities at a large scale. The economies of scale are generally poor for the processing operations. The insurance costs are high due to the hazardous risks to life by fire (Z, n.d.). Opportunities There are a very few companies dealing with the mattress recycling business in Australia and there is a lot of scope for expansion of the business in untapped cities. There is a growing awareness among the people and the governments to look for alternative and more environment-friendly methods of disposing the waste mattresses instead of the widely prevalent landfill option (Lehmann, n.d.). The operation is very simple and it is easy to set up in a new location. The business can work with the retailers and develop retail take-back schemes to augment the income generated and could source better quality mattresses as a result (Strategic marketing for social entrepreneurs, n.d.). The business has the opportunity to enter into collaboration with the local authorities in a new location and existing sites to improve the collection methods and services. This would also improve the quality and quantity of the waste mattresses being collected. The tie up with the local authorities would also improve the funding requirements for the project (Mattress recycling - mwrrg.vic.gov.au, n.d.). The company could work with the local authorities and social organizations to improve awareness about the benefits of recycling as compared to landfill and in the long run eliminate the option of waste mattresses being sent to landfill reducing the ecological burden on the environment (Nelles, 2013). Threats The industry is still in the nascent stages of development and cannot cover all locations especially the areas with low density of population. There is no actual quality control that can be exercised on the quality of the waste mattresses being supplied and picked up. The soiled and wet mattresses are much lower in quality and affect the profitability of the organization. The competition from cheaper options available to people like shredding and landfill. To set up operations in a new location, the company requires the co-operation from the local authorities (Oxfordshire, n.d.). Any kind of design and material change in the manufacturing of the mattresses in the future may have a huge impact on the recycling operations especially on the materials which are extracted for the purpose of recovery (Small Business Secrets: Social enterprises springing up, 2016). The drop in the market price of steel can affect the market for steel springs which constitute almost 50 percent of the mattress components. Market Demand for recycled materials from the mattresses The materials from the mattresses which can be obtained for recycling purpose form the major revenue generators for this industry. The mattresses are made of a number of materials; the reclaimed portion of these materials is sold to another end user market where they are reused into the manufacturing of fresh products. Some of the reclaimed material can also be sold for energy generation from waste materials or as a landfill cover in certain cases where there is no other option (State of Waste 2016 current and future Australian trends, 2016). Steel, PUR foam, cotton, felt, plastic, and other mixed textiles form the main constituent materials of a mattress. The mixed textile accounts for almost 35 percent of the weight of a mattress and the other natural fibres like jute, hemp, coconut fibers, sisal form approximately 7 percent of the weight of a mattress. The natural fibres are also grouped into mixed textiles since they are difficult to segregate and separate during the reclaiming process. Steel is the metal which is widely used in the mattresses as springs and the scrap steel reclaimed from the mattresses forms the other major material sold to the end users. But the value of the steel springs reclaimed from the mattresses is much lower in the market because of the distorted shape of the springs. Spring contractors are available but are very expensive. Purchase of a spring contractor may lead to a substantial increase in the overhead costs (The City of Cardiff Council, n.d.). The PUR foam which is reclaimed from the mattresses has three end user markets: generating energy from waste, recycling and used as the cover for landfill along with the mixed textiles. Out of the three options, recycling brings the maximum revenue as the market for this product is big. The value of the reclaimed PUR foam depends on its quality, source and the intended use. The energy generating market and the landfill cover market offers a very limited scope and generate much lower income (Whistler, J., et al., n.d.). PUR foam segregated from the discarded mattresses is very widely used for re-bonding purposes, where small pieces of the foam are bonded under high pressure and these pieces are used for products like gym mats and carpet underlay. However, the market for PUR foam is dependent on the source of the discarded mattresses and the final consumers perceptions about the hygienic quality of the foam being recycled (Zysman, 2014). Barriers to Business There are several barriers to the development of mattress recycling business. Some of the critical barriers are: Obtaining a sufficient gate fee to sustain the economic viability of the business and make it an attractive opportunity for investment and development. A substantive gate fee is important for the economic viability of the business because of the low quality of materials arising from the discarded mattresses because of the poor collection methods (Boone, n.d.). The overhead and costs cannot be reduced further due to very tight margins. Operational barriers arise due to the unavailability of clean and dry mattresses. The business is dependent on procurement from the local authorities like the government aided hospitals and the healthcare facilities which form one of the biggest supply markets for this business. The Landfill is a cheaper method of disposing of the old mattresses, therefore, tougher laws and regulations, more incentives and educational initiatives from the government are required to promote mattress recycling among the general public (Collection of non-clothing textiles case study: Mattress ... n.d.). The government would need to incentivize the mattress recycling operations to make them more attractive for investment and commercial mattress recycling would receive a boost. Competition and Risks The main risk associated with this business is the obtaining the dry and unsoiled mattresses for recycling and generating the right amount of gate fee to support the cost of the business The main competition of this business is from the other waste processes which send the discarded mattresses either for landfill or the mattresses are shredded in the general waste management processes. Shredding is an option which is a low-cost alternative to landfill and helps in the recovery of the metallic parts from the mattresses. But this process significantly lowers the quality of the constituent material obtained for use by the relevant end markets. Risks and Hazards in the Mattress Recycling Methods Inconsistent disclosure and application of sterilization and the health standards of the re-furbished and re-used mattresses. Worker safety is a big concern in the lifting, dismantling, and the recycling process. The danger of fire and vermin infestation due to poor storage facilities has been observed at many places. The dust and the fibers surrounding the mattress recycling unit sites can trigger an asthmatic attack or any other respiratory allergic reaction in the people. Workers should be provided with gas masks (Cubby, 2012). Mattresses are heavy and the manual collection services cause a lot of stress on the joints and the back of the collection staff. Bed bugs, mites, parasites, and infectious diseases contaminating the mattresses create a serious health risk for the mattress collectors and recycling unit workers. Marketing and Business Development Opportunities for the coming year The company is able to convert 95 percent of the mattress material into some form of recyclable materials and proceeding in this manner the company will divert almost 70 percent of the waste from landfill in the coming few years. The mattress recycling firm can offer its recycled material to different manufacturers that need the raw material at cheap rates. For example, the cotton from the mattresses can be sold to the rag manufacturers for whose brand the environmental commitment forms an important aspect. The felt and cotton recovered from the mattresses can also be sold for the purpose of insulation and make new felt (Guilfoil, n.d.). Another good potential market for the recycled and reclaimed material is the mattress manufacturers. The firm can supply the mattress manufacturers with a steady stream of reclaimed and recycled material. Keeping in mind the growing environmental consciousness among the public, the mattress manufacturers that use the recycled material will gain an edge over their competitors (LeBlanc, n.d.). The company should contact and consider a business arrangement with the mulch businesses in the region. But the company will have to disclose the fact that the wood that the company is selling to the mulch businesses comes out of a used mattress that has been discarded and recycled. The wood can also be sold to the bio-fuel manufacturers (Mattress recycling faces market challenges, report warns, 2016). Financials The largest operating costs of the mattress recycling business are the property costs, training, and salary expenses which account for almost 60 to 70 percent of the operating expenditure. The revenues that are generated are derived mainly from the approximate gate fees $ 15 per mattress and the sales revenue from the material sent for recycling. The gate fee was determined from the information collected from the other mattress recycling operations from European and American industries. The market of collecting and processing the end-of-life mattresses is very competitive and the whole process operates at a very little margin. The scrap material recovered has an approximate value of around $2.40 each. The steel scrap is valued at almost $85 to $ 120 each tonne, foam measures at $ 650 per tonne. The recovered mixed textiles and the recycled timber have very little monetary value. This significantly impacts the cost of dismantling a mattress. The dismantling process requires a critical disassembly and can lead to a lot of environmental pollution if the process is handled in an irresponsible manner. The financial aspect of the mattress recycling is highly dependent on the collection charges and the gate fee (West, Lazzaro, n.d.). In the mattress recycling business the relationship between the gate fees which is approximately $15 to $20 for each mattress accounts for almost 90 percent of the income of the business, and the recovered and reclaimed material which sells for approximately $2.20 each, is very low. As compared to mattress recycling, in the other mature recycling sectors the value of the recovered and recycled material accounts for almost 55 percent of the business revenue and the gate fees accounts for approximately 45 percent of the revenue. Even in recessive sectors like tires, the scrap material accounts for almost 20 percent of the business earnings. The company also has to work at reducing the overhead costs in which the transportation costs are the most significant elements. The company can work with the municipal waste collection workstations to significantly lower the transport costs. The company has to make an investment in purchasing second-hand balers and contractors for the business operations in the current year as these can significantly raise the value of the scrap. The balers can compress the mixed textiles into smaller bales which are easy to transport and store and have a higher market value. Similarly, the contractors can take the air out of the mattress springs increasing the market value of the recycled springs to almost the double. These factors will improve the profitability of the business and reduce the dependency on the gate fees as the main income generator in the coming years. Conclusions The waste generation in Australia has grown to almost 50 million tonnes a year and approximately each individual contributes a waste of 2 tonnes each year. However, the growing concern and awareness about the environment and ecology have given a boost to the recycling industry and the mattress recycling has grown significantly in the last few years since 2005. The waste being sent to landfill has drastically reduced as recycling facilities have been established at different places and according to a survey report almost 58 percent of the waste is being sent for recycling now instead of a landfill and the percentage will continue to grow in the coming years. The dismantling process of a mattress is driven by manual labour in Australia and this has provided a lot of employment opportunities to the unskilled labourers. But the recovery of the constituent components for recycling and reclaiming purposes is reduced greatly by the manual labour processes (Method of recycling visco-elastic foam and compressible cushion product formed thereby, n.d.). To improve the profitability of the business and to make it a self sustainable operation, the company needs to invest in purchasing certain automated equipment like balers and contractors. These would not just reduce the overhead storage and transportation costs but also improve the market value of the scrap improving the profitability of the company significantly (O'Kane, 2016). The company should also work to encourage the retail sector, mattress manufacturers and mattress retailers to make a contribution for the cost of disposal, recycling, and the illegal dumping of mattresses. The company should focus on collaborating with the overall retail sector to encourage take-back schemes and the drop-off collection points by including the disposal fees in the cost price of the mattress. This will go a long way in reducing the collection costs and illegal dumping of the waste mattresses (Rapoport, n.d.). To generate greater support for its business activity and the social initiative of recycling and reusing the scrap materials from the waste mattresses, the company should hold educational and informational drives and hold a workshop for the people who re-use the reclaimed material from the mattresses, to discuss the acceptable quality standards for the material quality and identify the specific characteristics of the end-user market to improve the quality of scrap produced (Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Performance Measurement, n.d.). While looking at improving the processes of the business the company should also work to reduce the occupational hazards associated with the recycling process. The workers and the labourers are subject to a lot of safety, health and occupational problems which are associated with the handling of cumbersome and heavy mattresses, and many times potentially infectious and soiled mattresses (The afterlife of mattresses, n.d.) References: (2013, March 20). ISPA Mattress Recycling Initiative. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://bedtimesmagazine.com/2013/03/ispa-mattress-recycling-initiative/ Boone, A. R. (n.d.). Couches and Mattresses: The Next Recoverables. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/06/05923.pdf Chang, M., Yang, W. (n.d.). Applying Harmony Search to the Bulky Waste Recycling ... Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2010/WCE2010_pp2280-2285.pdf Collection of non-clothing textiles case study: Mattress ... (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap Crowdfunding social ventures: a model and research agenda. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691066.2013.782624 Cubby, B. (2012, June 24). When old goods are put to bed, charity springs into action. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/when-old-goods-are-put-to-bed-charity-springs-into-action-20120624-20whk.html End of Life Mattress Report 2016. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.oakdenehollins.com/media/NBF_01_430_Final/NBF-01_430_Final.pdf Guilfoil, J. M. (n.d.). The Big, Bulky Truth About Beds - c.ymcdn.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://find.galegroup.com/gps/infomark.do?contentSet=IACDocumentstype=retrievetabID=T003prodId=IPSdocId=A191392326source=galesrcp rod=ITOFuserGroupName=o0001version0 James, G. (2015, November 12). This is no place for a mattress - Industry taking lead to recycle. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://bedtimesmagazine.com/2013/03/this-is-no-place-for-a-mattress-industry-taking-lead-to-recycle/ LeBlanc, R. (n.d.). The Mattress Recycling Business Opportunity. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/mattress-recycling-business-2877997 Lehmann, S. (n.d.). Resource Recovery and Materials Flow in the City: Zero ... Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1450context=sdlp Mattress recycling faces market challenges, report warns. (2016, August 19). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/latest-news/mattress-recycling-surge-to-drop-off-report-warns/ Mattress recycling - mwrrg.vic.gov.au. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.mwrrg.vic.gov.au/assets/resource-files/Mattress-recycling-report.pdf Method of recycling visco-elastic foam and compressible cushion product formed thereby. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.freshpatents.com/Method-of-recycling-visco-elastic-foam-and-compressible-cushion-product-formed-thereby-dt20070201ptan20070022905.php Nelles, B. (2013, November 20). Mattress recycling: Industry finding useful ways to dispose of used beds. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://bedtimesmagazine.com/2010/02/mattress-recycling/ O'KANE, J. (2016, November 02). No rest for Calgary mattress-recycling entrepreneur. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/no-rest-for-calgary-mattress-recycling-entrepreneur/article32615388/ Oxfordshire, I. D. (n.d.). The Centre for Remanufacturing and Reuse. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.remanufacturing.org.uk/ Rapoport, I. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.americanrecycler.com/1207/mattress.shtml Small Business Secrets: Social enterprises springing up. (2016, July 19). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/07/19/small-business-secrets-social-enterprises-springing Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Performance Measurement. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2012.698857 State of Waste 2016 current and future Australian trends. (2016, July 28). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://blog.mraconsulting.com.au/2016/04/20/state-of-waste-2016-current-and-future-australian-trends/ Strategic marketing for social entrepreneurs. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.socialent.org/pdfs/StrategicMarketing.pdf The afterlife of mattresses. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://nrri.umn.edu/news/mattress.html The City of Cardiff Council. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Strategies-plans-and-policies/Documents/ West, D., Lazzaro, A. (n.d.). Mattress Recycling Disposal. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/boomerangalliance/pages/77/attachments/original/1456704097/Review_Vic_Mattress_Recycling_Final_Feb2016.pdf?1456704097 Whistler, J., et al (n.d.). Used Mattress Disposal and Component Recycling ... Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.sleepproducts.org/Sustainability/docs/UsedMattressesDisposalReport.pdf (n.d.). Waste Management Inc SWOT Analysis | USP Competitors | BrandGuide. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/management-and-consulting/13087-waste-management-inc.html Zysman, S. (2014, December 16). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from https://www.freepatentsonline.com/8910362.html